The BC Law Institute published a checklist on recognizing undue influence situations for lawyers and dealing it:
1. Interview will-maker alone (Basic Rule).
Rationale:
- Ensure it is clear that professional is acting for will-maker.
- Professional needs to avoid appearance of a joint retainer.
- Confidentiality of solicitor/client communications.
- Professional needs to satisfy him/herself that will-maker has testamentary capacity.
Exceptions for taking instructions from another person (A):
- A is disinterested and is acting as an interpreter (no kinship, financial interest, or social connection).
- Including A (a relative or interested person) is unavoidable. Remain alert.
- A is Spouse. Remain alert. If any concerns that spouse is not speaking accurately for will-maker, meet with will-maker alone.
2. Ask non-leading, open ended questions to
determine factors operating on will-maker’s mind.
Examples:
- How/why did you decide to divide your estate this way?
- What was important to you in deciding to divide your estate this way?
- Why did you choose [proposed executor] as executor of your will?
3. Explore whether will-maker is in a relationship
of dependency, domination or special confidence or trust.
See examples of open-ended probing questions in BCLI Guide, pp 33 -34.
Sample questions to consider:
- Do you live alone? With family? A caregiver? A friend?
- Has anything changed in your living arrangements recently?
- Are you able to go wherever and whenever you wish?
- Does anyone help you more than others? Who arranged/suggested this meeting?
- Does anyone help you make decisions? Who does your banking?
- Has anyone asked you for money? A gift?
- Explore whether will-maker is a victim of abuse or neglect in other contexts.
Sample questions to consider (note need for tact, discretion and awareness for client’s physical safety; refer to community resources if and when appropriate):
- Has anyone ever hurt you? Has anyone taken anything that was yours without asking?
- Has anyone scolded or threatened you? Are you alone a lot?
- Has anyone ever failed to help you take care of yourself when you needed help?
- Are there people you like to see? Have you seen these people or done things recently with them?
- Has anyone ever threatened to take you out of your home and put you in a care facility?
- Obtain relevant information from third parties when possible and if the will-maker consents.
6. Obtain medical assessment if mental capacity is also in question, but remember that mental capacity to make a will is ultimately a legal test.
7. Compile list of events or circumstances indicating undue influence.
See list of “Red Flags to Watch For” opposite.
8. Make and retain appropriate records whenever red flags are present.
Detailed notes; checklist recommended; information supporting practitioner’s conclusions and ultimate decision should include: red flags identified, inquiry pursued, information obtained, memoranda to record reasoning for conclusion.
9. If Index of Suspicion remains high after reasonable investigation, decline retainer to prepare the will.
WHAT TO WATCH FOR
Undue Influence – Recognition/Prevention
The red flags listed below may indicate the presence of undue influence on a will-maker.
This list is not necessarily complete or definitive. It is an aid to practitioners to identify
potential undue influence and provide an “index of suspicion” so that they will be alerted
to carry out the necessary inquiries before preparing a will for execution.
See the text of the BCLI Guide for more detailed discussion.
-Will-maker invests significant trust and confidence in a person who is a beneficiary or is connected to a beneficiary (e.g. lawyer, doctor, clergy, financial advisor, accountant, formal or informal caregiver, new “suitor” or partner).
YES NO N/AODD |
Isolation of will-maker resulting in dependence on another for physical, emotional, financial or other needs.
. Physical, psychological and behavioural
characteristics of will-maker.
Examples:
Dependence on beneficiary for sight, hearing,
mobility, speech, illness, illiteracy.
Signs of neglect/self neglect (emaciation,
inappropriate clothing, bruising, untreated injuries).
In state of shock after stressful situations (e.g. bad
news, death of close person).
Non-specific factors (e.g. loneliness, sexual
bargaining, end of life issues).
Cultural influences/conditioned responses (e.g.
subservience to traditional authority in extended
family; yielding to pressure for fear of revealing
family conflicts leading to loss of face in community).
Impaired mental function from a psychiatric
condition or a non-psychiatric cause (e.g. trauma or
stroke).
Signs include (see BCLI Guide for full list pp 24-25):
- Sudden onset of confusion.
- Short term memory problems, disorientation, difficulty with finances.
- Signs of depression (e.g. irritable, agitated, difficulty making decisions, sad face, bowed head, general lethargy).
- Delusions.
- Extreme sense of well-being, continuous speech, inability to concentrate, poor judgment.
- Apprehensive or appearance of being worried, distressed, overwhelmed.
- Client is intoxicated/signs of substance abuse.
- Down’s syndrome, autism or other developmental disorder.
- Inability to answer open-ended questions. Circumstances related to making of the will and/or the terms.
Examples:
- Unusual gifts; sudden change for no apparent reason; frequent changes.
- Marked change in instructions from prior wills.
- 3rd party initiates instructions which also benefit 3rd party; beneficiary speaks for will-maker; beneficiary offers to pay for new will; will-maker relies exclusively/unusually on notes to
give instructions.
- Spouses: joint retainer but one spouse provides instructions while other remains silent.
- Recent death of a family member and other family appear to influence changing existing will.
5. Characteristics of influencer in will-maker’s family or circle of acquaintance.
- Overly helpful.
- Insists on being present during interview with lawyer/notary.
- Contacts practitioner persistently after instructions are taken.
- Person is known to practitioner to have history of abuse, including violence.
- Practitioner observes negative and/or controlling attitude to will-maker.
- Practitioner is aware that influencer is in difficult financial circumstances and/or engages in substance abuse.
. Practitioner’s “gut feeling”.
- Body language of will-maker indicates fear, anxiety, insecurity, embarrassment etc.
- “Influencer” is off putting or difficult to deal with at appointment.
- “Influencer” is rude to staff in office or on telephone, or is overly solicitous.
FLOW CHART
OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Undue Influence – Recognition/Prevention
DOES CLIENT
HAVE TESTAMENTARY
CAPACITY?
IF NO
DO NOT PROCEED
OR IF UNSURE,
MAKE APPROPRIATE
DO NOT PROCEEDOR IF UNSURE,MAKE APPROPRIATE |
NOT SURE
PRACTITIONER DECISION DEPENDS ON NATURE AND LEVEL OF CONCERN:
- SUSPICION ONLY. DOCUMENT FILE. PROCEED.
- SERIOUS CONCERNS. DO NOT PROCEED.